Nevertheless, protocols have not yet been defined for actual protection
switching. Overall, the digital wrappers approach is not fully transparent but does
extend carrier-grade BER-level monitoring to all formats (Ethernet included). In the
longer-term, this may be acceptable as network regeneration will still be a necessity
(albeit regeneration distances may increase with improving technology). In particular,
this solution is most germane in long/ultra-long haul DWDM settings.
As DWDM platforms add more diverse capabilities and interconnect with multivendor
nodes (Layers 1, 2, 3), advanced NMS/OSS solutions are required for end-to-end
services management. Specifically, these tools must support a host of features such as
remote configuration, performance monitoring, fault detection/alarming, failure isolation,
diagnostics, and logging/reporting. Hence, many incumbent carriers have developed
advanced embedded OSS solutions based upon the Telecordia Operations Systems
Modification for the Integration of Network Elements (OSMINE) process. To assist with
OSS integration, many DWDM vendors now provide associated northbound CORBA
interfaces and/or direct TL1 (or SNMP) communication with the EMS/NMS solutions.
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